The ancient people's living style can be divided into two ways: sitting on the ground and sitting on the ground. The change of furniture shape mainly surrounds two series of low furniture and high furniture. Among them, the Qin and Han period furniture is a typical low-profile furniture. At that time, people sat on the ground, and the furniture used was generally low-profile. At that time, people sat on the ground, and the furniture used was generally low-profile, such as mats, paints, paints, and so on. It is used as you go, and there is no fixed position. In the Three Kingdoms period, high-profile seats were introduced from ethnic minorities: the Hu bed. After the evolution, the Central Plains area has appeared gradually high furniture stools, square stools and so on. Bedding beds, couches, etc. are also gradually getting higher. But the dominant ones are still low furniture. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, most people sat down and the high-profile furniture quickly developed into a complete shape, forming a complete combination of new high-grade furniture. Typical high-profile furniture chairs, stools, tables, etc. have emerged and are popular in the upper class. It was not until the Song Dynasty that it was completely popular. The ancient Chinese furniture developed into the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and was basically shaped into high-grade furniture, and the shape of the furniture can be formulated according to the different body shapes of the human body. The development of ancient Chinese furniture is fully mature. Elm furniture There has never been a kind of furniture material in China that can last as long as the eucalyptus wood. When there is no eucalyptus furniture, there is no historical record. It may not be farther than the Song and Yuan Dynasties. At least before the import of huanghuali and red sandalwood, eucalyptus has been used. Made furniture. Only the coffin can be used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Huanghuali, red sandalwood and Qing dynasty have been squandered, and the import of redwood has not kept up, and the eyes have never stopped for hundreds of years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Elm furniture is the charm and chest of Chinese ancient furniture. Although it is not as beautiful as Huanghuali furniture, and there is no precious rosewood furniture, but in the long history of ancient Chinese furniture, it always presents its great taste. . Alder is a genus, also known as eucalyptus, chess. Produced in the south of the Yangtze River, Japan, North Korea and other places also produced, the highest output in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The eucalyptus is a deciduous tree, up to several feet, the bark is thick and hard, the wood is hard and the texture is straight, the pattern is beautiful and shiny, and its pattern is like a natural mountain fold, which is parabolic, commonly known as the pagoda pattern. The color is amber, such as the orange yellow of huanghuali, which is the precious wood in white wood. According to Chen Yu's "Chinese Tree Taxonomy": "The eyes of Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the big leaf eucalyptus trees, alias '榉榆' or '大å¶æ¦†'. The wood is firm, the color is beautiful and beautiful. It is very versatile. Valuable. Its age and wood with red color, the special name is 'blood sputum'. Some eucalyptus has a natural beautiful large pattern, the color is similar to rosewood." Qing Wu Qi? The "Plant Name Map" records: "The genus is a kind of cockroach, in fact, it is like the money, the people in the town take their leaves as sweet tea." The elm is called Nanxun in the north, and the world is known as the south and the north. It is a large white wood. The coffin and the coffin have similarities, that is, unobstructed, and the patterns are very generous. The elm brown eyes are fine and smooth, and the coffin is loose and exquisite, making it more free and unrestrained. Elm is harder than eucalyptus. Although it is not a hardwood, its weight is the heaviest of white wood. In the traditional furniture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the coffin is used in a great amount, and its position in the southern furniture is very prominent. The beech furniture and the Huanghuali furniture are both examples of Su Zuo, while the Su Zuo furniture is the representative of Ming style furniture, and its production techniques are all Ming style. Even if the Qing style furniture is changed in a simple and elegant style, the natural style of the enamel furniture, the production of eucalyptus furniture is still the same as the Ming huanghuali furniture, still arduously cast the final glory of Ming style furniture. When the precious hardwoods such as huanghuali and wengewood are retired, the import of redwoods has not yet been kept up. It is necessary to find out the furniture shape of the vacant vacancy of Huanghuali furniture and mahogany furniture during this period, that is, the furniture of the Ming and Qing styles. You can find out from the furniture of Elm. Because the huanghuali furniture is basically the same as the eucalyptus furniture, and the mahogany furniture and the huanghuali furniture have almost no similar shape, but they have similarities with the eucalyptus family. This type of eye-catching furniture has turned the Ming and Qing dynasties into a gradual change. Hardwood includes red sandalwood, huanghuali, chicken wing wood, iron pear wood, rosewood, etc. The white wood mainly consists of eucalyptus, eucalyptus, nanmu, walnut, boxwood, etc. The Ming style furniture has more materials, and the texture of the material is gorgeous and elegant. The wood is hard and should not be too heavy. It is difficult to make wood hard weight, and it is not convenient to move. In the hardwood, the red sandalwood is the hardest and heavy, and the chicken wing wood is special because of its texture. There are very few large materials, and the materials used for cutting are difficult to reach, so that there are not many deposits; the iron pear wood is hard and hard to make, and only the yellow pears are hard and heavy, and the lines are beautiful and easy to sculpt, which is the best for furniture production. Good materials, so the huanghuali furniture is mostly Ming-style treasures. Among the white wood furniture materials, the boxwood has few large materials, the soft wood of the eucalyptus is not tight enough, and the texture of the nanmu and walnut wood is small and not obvious enough. Compared with the eucalyptus, the pattern is not bright. The large wooden pattern that is close to the wood and has a good look, especially the bloody pagoda pattern, is used on the facade of the seat back and the rounded cabinet, which often makes people think. The color of eucalyptus and huanghuali are very similar, which are unmatched by other white wood qualities. Therefore, there is no doubt that the coffin has become the leading representative of white wood furniture. The production and use of beech furniture should be earlier than hardwood furniture such as huanghuali. Although historical materials have been written to produce furniture such as red sandalwood and rosewood, it has already begun in the Tang Dynasty, but a large number of productions should be made after the coffin. Because the furniture that was handed down before the Ming Dynasty is extremely rare, it cannot be inferred from the real thing. During the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty, Fan Jiang of the Songjiang River recorded in the "Clouds in the Clouds": "The fine wood guys, such as desks, meditation chairs, etc., have not seen the youngsters, and the folks used the ginkgo lacquer square table. Since Longwan, Although the slaves of the fast-family homes use fine tools, they are extravagant, and they are not expensive. The beds, cupboards, tables and tables are all made of pears, eucalyptus, ebony, acacia and boxwood, which are extremely expensive. It’s also a blame for money, but it’s also a singularity. For example, if the soap is so close, it’s a whole small raft, packed in wooden boards, and the pots and fish in the house, and the fine table on the table, known as the study. I don’t know how to read the book. So Fan Yu’s record in the article is the coffin, the pear is the yellow pear, and the acacia is the chicken wing wood. It can be seen that the Ming Dynasty did not divide the wood into hardwood white wood, but the eucalyptus and huanghuali, wenge, eucalyptus, ebony and boxwood were collectively referred to as fine wood. Moreover, the production and use of beech furniture is before the import of hardwood such as huanghuali. Because Jiajing to Longqing in the Ming Dynasty, the city's economy was prosperous, the sea was banned, and overseas trade was vigorously developed. A large number of high-grade hardwoods such as huanghuali and rosewood were imported. The Jiangnan area, which is centered on Suzhou, produces eucalyptus, so the production of eucalyptus furniture is mostly distributed in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Although there are a small number of survivors in the north, it is carried northward through the Grand Canal. The ancient transportation cost is high, and it is inconvenient to add. Therefore, the production of furniture is generally based on the local materials. Most of the local products are the first choice for furniture materials. When hardwood such as red sandalwood and huanghuali has not been imported, it is of course the best furniture material in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Due to its hardwood, it is considered hardwood in Jiangnan. The furniture is extremely strong and practical, and the production process is quite elegant. The most exquisite eucalyptus furniture is basically from the Suzhou area. Su Zuo furniture is the essence of Chinese classical furniture. Suzhou's artisans and crafts are superior, masters are like clouds, and they are well-ordered. They make a large number of eucalyptus furniture for daily life. Absolutely and deeply loved, it brings opportunities for Chinese traditional furniture to the peak of glory. Elm furniture is the pioneer of Ming style furniture, and it cannot be used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is said that more than ten years ago, Suzhou Dongshan, almost every household has eucalyptus furniture, kitchen cabinets and chairs are more traditional. It is rare to go to Suzhou in recent years. Suzhou should be regarded as the birthplace of Chinese classical Ming furniture. Its eucalyptus furniture is the same as huanghuali. It is not only exquisite workmanship, traditional style, simple and clean, slightly ornamented, and Ming style. Yuanguan and Huanghuali's family are like twin brothers, which are difficult to distinguish and impeccable. This shows that after the hardwood imports such as huanghuali and the mass production of furniture, Su Zuo is the most sophisticated and fine, and at the same time as the huanghuali furniture, the production of 榉木家具, the pioneer of Ming furniture, has never stopped. Only the world has put glory and glory on hardwood furniture such as huanghuali. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Suzhou craftsmen made a large number of imported hardwood furniture, but most of them were owned by the royal and dignitaries; while the general civilians still used eucalyptus and other white wood furniture, and many honest scholars also liked the furniture. Coupled with the large number of civilians, the market is extremely broad. Therefore, the increasing demand for eucalyptus furniture is quite cherished by the people, and its traditional production sequence continues to the Republic of China. Therefore, people often form a very simple and simple Ming-style elm furniture, which may be produced in the late Qing Dynasty or even in the early years of the Republic of China. The development process of beech furniture is actually the development process of Chinese Ming style furniture. The folk furniture is accurately said to be furniture made in Suzhou in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The earliest of Ming style furniture is eucalyptus furniture, and the classic work of Ming style furniture is not lacking in eucalyptus wood production. The Elm family has considerable artistic and historical value. The variety of beech furniture is the most complete, regardless of table, case, table, stool, chair, cabinet, cabinet, bed. Especially the circle chair and the round cabinet are the most famous, and the back of the chair back uses a large piece to display the beautiful pattern. Su Zuo furniture is usually carefully calculated on hardwood, which saves the province, but it is extremely generous and exciting when making eucalyptus furniture. Clear the beech wood chair, the ring is a three-section ring. *The back is S-shaped; the three-pronged connection method, the middle part of the cotton board is falling on the belly surface, the embossed cloud head ornament on the top, the carving is very delicate and soft; the typical clear mark, the Ming style has no such pattern, the lower part of the pot door is bright Very charming. Under the seat surface is a square coupon, the inner disc is Yangxian, and the teeth on both sides and the back are set with the teeth on the back. There are two trapezoidal angle teeth under the foot, and the downloading position of the goose neck is about 10 cm backward. Also in S shape. The seat surface is grooved and flattened with the whole frame, and the pagoda pattern on the board surface is elegant and elegant. This is different from hardwood chair such as huanghuali. Hardwood chairs such as huanghuali are often used as rattan seats, which is related to the high price of imported hardwood. In order to reduce costs, merchants and craftsmen are better at saving materials. Su Zuo chose local eucalyptus, which was cheaper at the time. The Su effect material is famous for saving labor and materials. At that time, the cost of the chair vine was higher than that of the eucalyptus material. Therefore, it is better to use large panels and large panels, giving people a simple atmosphere and low materials, why not. Nowadays, most of the eucalyptus chairs are made of plates, and there are few vines. The hardwood chairs such as huanghuali and rosewood are basically vines, and the plates are rare. Clear mahogany furniture There are huanghuali, iron, chicken wings and red sandalwood in Shanghai, but few people do not know the redwood. I remember when I was a child, where the mahogany furniture was set up in my home, I was always considered to be a well-off family. The emergence of mahogany furniture may be in the early Qing Dynasty, a large number of furniture should be in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the hardwood furniture was made of red sandalwood and redwood. However, the handed down furniture is made of mahogany, and the mahogany is the largest piece of furniture used in the Qing Dynasty. The rosewood is also known as sable, Sun Zhi. In the Qing Dynasty, Jiang Yan’s "The Cars and the Record" recorded: "The purple cicada comes from the sea, like red sandalwood, no crab claws. The scent of the scent is like a vinegar, so it is a sour branch." Qing Daoguang Gao Jingting said "æ£éŸ³æ’®è¦" "Purple, that is, Sun Zhi." The rosewood is a tropical evergreen tree, mainly produced in Southeast Asia such as India, Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar. China's Guangdong and Yunnan also have output. The rosewood color has red rosewood, yellow rosewood, and white rosewood. It is generally colored with red oil, densely structured, and hard and hard. The acidity of India is better. It is produced in Thailand and Myanmar and in southern China. Second. White rosewood is not really white, but the color is light and light. After waxing and polishing, it is still reddish. The obvious characteristics of the rosewood are dark brown or black stripes in its purplish red, the texture is clear and changeable, the wood is hard and heavy, and the water sinks. After being polished and lubricated, it is smooth and cool, and it looks like red sandalwood. In the Qing Dynasty, the rosewood was the best wood used in mahogany furniture, and the amount was very large. Rosewood has different titles in different places. The north is called redwood, Taiwan is called sandalwood, Hainan is called lychee, Guangdong is also called rosewood, and Shanghai is called old redwood. The pear is the new pear, which is distinguished from the yellow pear, the old rosewood. This kind of pear is a broadleaf higher than the tree, the tree is more than 30 meters, and the diameter is also up to 1 meter, so the rosewood is mostly large. In India, Myanmar, Laos and the South Sea Islands have been eradicated, and the southern coastal areas of China have also produced. Compared with the old rosewood: the wood grain is thicker, the texture is more straight, and the wood is not as hard as the old pear. According to the "History of the Museum", "Pear Blossoms are produced in Guangxii, a flower palm, leaves like pears and flowers are not real, wood color is red and purple, and the texture is delicate, can be used as utensils, tables, chairs, and textbooks. The northern part of the wood is called the old pear, which distinguishes the yellow pear, while the Shanghai called the yellow pear is the old pear, which is called the new rosewood. There is also a kind of pear called "fragrant rosewood". Most of the pears imported from overseas are now such varieties. There are many varieties of pears, and the production areas are different, but the materials vary greatly. The texture of Indian pear is fine and hard, and it is the top grade of pear. The land of rosewood in Thailand and Burma is coarse, the hardness and weight are not as good as those of Indian pear, and the Brazilian rose is second. Shanghai said that the fragrant mahogany is loose in wood, the brown eyes are scattered and large, the weight is light, and the water is not submerged. It is actually a more crude rosewood. Rosewood and rosewood are the two main materials used in the Qing Dynasty. The texture of the pear is intertwined and beautiful. Although the texture is obviously different from that of the yellow pear, its texture is very similar to that of the rosewood, but it is very easy to distinguish. If the two are compared, the change of the wood texture of the rosewood is quite clear and even hard and strong; while the evolution of the wooden texture of the rose gives a sense of quietness and softness. The yellow wood pear has fine wood texture, orange yellow and amber, and the jade texture is strong. Its grain is like flowing water, flowing and moving, which is the preferred material for hardwood furniture. The rosewood is firm and compact, the weight and hardness are the hardest of the hardwood, the color is purple and black without scars, and the composition is quiet and graceful, which is awe-inspiring. The chicken wing wood texture is beautiful and unique, unparalleled. The iron is solid and hard, and it is simple and ancient. These four kinds of wood are favored by the ancients, and the huanghuali and red sandalwood are regarded as the world's top furniture materials. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the use of hardwood furniture has become fashionable. The Ming Dynasty literati advocated nature, and the noble yellow was not expensive. The yellow pear was naturally highly praised by the Ming Dynasty literati. They used the natural characteristics of wood to design and participate in the production of furniture. The lines are simple and smooth, so that the Ming style furniture represented by Huanghuali is more common in the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty is not expensive and expensive, and it is luxurious and rich. The color of rosewood is deep, and it is extremely pampered by the royal family. Therefore, the red sandalwood has become the first choice for the use of Qing Dynasty furniture, and the production is more elaborate, and the world is more for the palace utensils. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, due to the shortage of red sandalwood, the royal family asked the bureaucrats at all levels to see the red sandalwood handed over to the royal family. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, after the extreme shortage of huanghuali, red sandalwood, and wenge wood, mahogany began to be imported in large quantities and was widely used. As the most similar color to red sandalwood, redwood is in line with the pursuit of expensive black furniture in the Qing Dynasty, and the mahogany is hard, and the color is subtle and elegant. The amount of redwood is moderate, heavier than huanghuali and chicken wing wood, but lighter than rosewood. The mahogany texture is gorgeous and varied, its color is close to that of red sandalwood, but lighter than rosewood. The mahogany texture is gorgeous and changeable, its color is close to that of red sandalwood, but it is slightly darker than red sandalwood, the color is slightly lighter, and the texture is also slightly inferior. The hardness of redwood is higher than that of huanghuali, but its toughness is poor, it is not easy to sculpt, and its texture is similar to that of huanghuali and it is not easy to distinguish. The mahogany has high hardness, but it is large and brittle. It is easy to cause deformation when it is dry, wet and hot. The carving is not too thin, and it is not comparable to the fine carving of red sandalwood. Due to its rich production and abundant supply, the redwood craftsmen used only the delicate texture of the mahogany furniture in the Qing Dynasty. The coarse and coarse materials were never used. Therefore, the finely crafted mahogany furniture is also a valuable hardwood furniture. . Among the furniture of the Qing Dynasty, mahogany furniture is the most common. Redwood furniture is cheap and popular, and is popular with the world. From the royal government to the civilians, all the people know the mahogany furniture. Mahogany furniture has since become a synonym for hardwood furniture. The number of mahogany furniture handed down is much larger than the sum of the handed down furniture such as huanghuali, red sandalwood, chicken wing wood and iron wood. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, mahogany furniture became popular in the ruling and the main role of hardwood furniture. It became more and more acceptable to the world and became a symbol of the status and wealth of the owner. This kind of nobleness and popularization is not expected by the mahogany furniture itself, and its influence on the future is high, and its popularity is far higher than that of hardwood furniture such as huanghuali and red sandalwood. The mahogany furniture is mainly composed of “Guang Zuo†and “Su Zuoâ€. Guangzhou is the largest port for importing redwood, with sufficient timber resources and very developed furniture. Guangzuo furniture is widely used, and it does not hesitate to work hard. The core of the core is more than the whole board, less jigsaw puzzles, more and more large-scale digging and lacking, less smashing, the style of the ornament is greatly influenced by the Westerners, and the style is luxurious. Su Zuo furniture is not the same, the redwood raw materials in Suzhou area is much more expensive than Guangzhou, but the labor is very cheap. Therefore, Su Zuo takes the province as the first priority and carefully calculates the budget. It can save the province and never waste. When making furniture, it is necessary to repeatedly observe each piece of wood, so that the beautiful parts of the textured wood can be used on the surface. And? The paint is waxed and polished, and the world has the reputation of “clear waterâ€. Su Zu core board is generally thin, and more splicing, less full board. There are many square legs and legs, and the seat is made of soft rattan drawers. The decorative theme is more traditional and auspicious, with few Western motifs. "Guangzhi 绎" cloud: "Gusu people are smart and ancient, but also good antique law." Su Zuo pays attention to style and lines, and maintains the simple style of Ming style for a long time. Compared with the wide-ranging work, Su Zuo is a little more book-like and less market-like. This is somewhat related to the long-term succession of Su Zuoming. However, both Su and Guang are the essence of Chinese classical furniture. After the increase in the demand for mahogany furniture, the degree of marketization will increase, and mass production will naturally take shape. The commonality of furniture production will naturally appear. Mahogany furniture can't be personalized with literati in the same way as huanghuali furniture; it can't be as fine as the red sandalwood. This is the texture and social needs of the mahogany itself can not afford and bear. In order to allow more people to accept and occupy a larger market, mahogany furniture manufacturers have to clear their personality to reduce production costs. Art without personality will not survive for a long time, and mahogany furniture has finally finished the end of Chinese Ming and Qing furniture. The mahogany chess table is a special table, mostly square, specially designed for the entertainment of chess. The table has a layered surface with a movable table top. When playing chess, the table can be uncovered, revealing a square flippable board. The board is lined with fine silver lines, which is extremely delicate and pleasing. There is a square drawer under the board, and the second board is divided into three storage rooms, which store chess pieces or cards. The board top is lined with flat sheets on all four sides. There are active dark drawers on the four sides of the table for storing chips and chess pieces when playing chess or playing cards. The general chess table is provided with a square box on the opposite corner of the chessboard, and the activity is installed in the square hole for the purpose of placing the chess pieces. The legs of the chess table are presented on the Wenwu line. The angled bridge and the short columns are decorated with double-faced faces, and a pair of lines are sandwiched between the two sides. The façades are in five rectangular spaces of two vertical and three horizontal, with the wall panels as the belly, the embossed opening and the opposite of the bamboo and stone. The bamboo pattern decoration flourished in the Yongzheng period and has remained untouched since then. Bamboo can not only express words, but also send love, literati and bamboo, so the literati cleans the elegant. The bamboo carvings are vivid and vivid. The chess table can cover the desktop when not playing chess, and can also be used as a desk. The official is a chess table. Because it has the instruments and functions of chess, the chess table is actually a kind of chess, playing cards. Multi-purpose square table with features. This table is made of rosewood concentrate and is a medium-term work. The Mahogany Eight Immortals table is the larger one in the square table. The “Eight Immortals†refers to eight people sitting around, and the smaller and more prosperous square table is called the Four Immortals Table. Before the big strips under the halls of the Qing Dynasty, most of them set up a Baxian table that was refined to the taste of the atmosphere, and placed a pair of armchairs on both sides, which was very impressive. This table frame has a large chamfering line under the flat line, the waist is slightly higher than the waist of the usual table, and the middle two are long piles. There is a squat under the waist and it is outwardly stretched. The slab is also smashed into a sacred belly. The Panyang line is covered with clouds and the side of the yang line is straight through the horse's hoof. Look carefully at the belly of the ancestral hall for the two wood splicing. Four legs and an upper cross? To make the desktop more stable. Cross? The craft is old, more common in the shelves and other furniture, the table set cross? Very rare. The shape of this table is clear and cool, and it is strong and strong. It is a good work in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. The mahogany four-drawer desk is called the writing desk in the south, and this style gradually increases in the middle and late stages. Some desk drawers are added, and those that are divided into several styles are called shelves, and often have stepping feet. The desks used in the Qing Dynasty were made of mahogany and eucalyptus. This table is made for the Qing Dynasty. The desk has no waist, the table is in a four-story style, and the table top is flat with three stone core panels, separated by wood. The flat square legs are straight down and connected to the inverted horseshoe foot. Four drawers are arranged in one row, two drawers on both sides are slightly larger than the middle ones, and the middle two drawers are carved under the teeth. The outer line of the drawer is up to the horseshoe foot, and the inside of the pile is covered with a brass handle. The two sides of the drawer are equipped with butterfly-shaped leaves and a locking device. Fire Pit BBQ
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China's classical furniture materials can be generally divided into hardwood and white wood. The furniture is divided into hardwood furniture and white wood furniture. The latter is much larger than the former.
Redwood is one of the high quality hardwoods. According to the "Antiquities Guide": "Where the wood is red, it can be called the mahogany. Only the so-called redwood is a special term for wood, not the red wood." And pointed out: "Redwood is produced in Yunnan. The leaves are long oval, white flowers, and flowers. The wood is very strong and the color is red. The wood is good, except for the red sandalwood, the redwood is the most, but the output is very much, it is easy to get it, so the world is not as precious as the red sandalwood. Also." Redwood is actually a common name, and it is still inconclusive as to which kind of wood it is. It is generally known that the wood is hard, the color is purple-red, and the wax-polished wood is called redwood. Such as rosewood, rosewood, etc., are known as mahogany.
The Ming style furniture is mainly made up of four famous hardwoods such as yellow pear, red sandalwood, chicken wing wood and iron wood. These high-grade hardwoods are hard and have a natural color and texture.