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Faced with the challenges of the WTO, Koreans believe that the openness of the publishing market will bring them influence that can hardly be countered with negative awareness. Therefore, the key to the problem is to hold an attitude of actively seizing the opportunity to deal with this “crisisâ€. The corresponding program for the opening of the Korean publishing market can be summarized as follows:
1 The government's strengthening of the specific publishing promotion policy;
2 Establish support measures to improve the quality of writers;
3 To ensure and popularize the independence of Korean works through the rediscovery of Korean traditional culture;
4 Through the improvement of the publishing business environment, improve business efficiency, and strengthen their own survivability;
5 Speed ​​up the cultivation of publishing professionals and the institutionalization of reeducation;
6 activation of electronic publication support;
7 Improvement of circulation structure and activation of bookstores;
8 to strengthen the international publicity of Korean publications;
9 Promote international exchange of Korean culture as a whole.
Before South Korea opened the publishing industry in 1993, the academic community also carried out a similar discussion with China on the prospects for the accession of the publishing industry to the WTO. The content of these discussions was achieved after the Korean publishing industry gradually entered the WTO in 1993. Proof, some are highly predictable, while others are absurd. The Asian financial crisis that began in 1996 has brought a big blow to the publishing industry in South Korea. The Korean government and various publishing departments have made corresponding countermeasures and achieved certain results.
The formalization of the open issue of the Korean publishing market began with the announcement of the opening of the foreign investment in the publishing industry on February 20, 1992 by the Ministry of Finance. On June 22, 1993, it also announced the schedule of opening up foreign investment and decided to open 112 industries in 224 industries that restrict foreign investment. The opening schedule for the publishing industry is as follows:
â–²July 1, 1993: Book retailing;
â–² January 1, 1995: retail sales of books and other printed materials, books, and newspapers;
â–² January 1, 1996: Other publishing industries (calendars, posters, etc.), offset printing industry (less than 50% of foreign investment rate);
â–² January 1, 1997: Book publishing industry (less than 50% of foreign investment rate), hard printing industry, no classified commercial printing (lithograph, offset, etc.);
â–² January 1, 1999: Publishing markets such as book publishing (completely open).
Second, the open environment of the publishing market
1. The Countermeasures of Foreign Capital Flowing into Korean Publishing Market
At the time, the publishing professionals in South Korea began to open the book publishing industry in 1997. Due to the inflow of foreign capital headed by the United States and Japan, the Korean publishing industry has experienced a tremendous increase from the roots of planning, editing, production, and circulation. Impact. Therefore, the publishing industry must at least maintain the restriction of the industry. On the one hand, it must actively discover new writers and works, actively carry out translation and introduction work overseas, and pay attention to the cultivation of excellent editors and the improvement of readership, and strengthen reading education.
2. The tendency of copyright in translated books and the corresponding measures for republishing issues.
In recent years, the characteristic tendency of Korean translation and publication literature has been the translation and publication of mystery fiction and science fiction. These types of translated novels have become synonymous with important novels, accounting for 36.1% of the total number of translated books. The situation at that time was that not only did we require more careful study and judgment in the selection of foreign books, but we also activated the specialization of various publishing houses and the publication of Korean classical translations to reduce the drawbacks of repetitive publishing.
3. Foreign publications status and issues of import
Judging from the current status of import of foreign publications in the Korean publishing industry between 1985 and 1995, books have increased six-fold. The introduction of foreign publications in Korea, especially children’s books, was introduced indiscriminately, which not only led to the decline of Korean culture, but also hindered the ability of publishing to survive. Contrary to this, although the output of overseas publications is on the rise, the level is still average.
4. Korean Overseas Development Actuality and Countermeasures
From 1991 to 2000, there were 44,388 foreign books translated in Korea, compared with less than 500 books exported, and there was an overwhelming tide of trade of about 89:1 in the publishing culture. . From the perspective of South Korea at the time, in order to promote the long-term development of domestic works abroad, it is necessary to strengthen the excavation of excellent writers and overseas publications of domestic books and magazines, promote international exchanges between overseas publishers and domestic publishers, and the country’s overseas translation and publication. Support etc.
5. The Inflow of Foreign Popular Culture and Countermeasures
The proliferation of large-scale foreign popular culture such as films, CD-ROMs, videotapes, CATV, and concerts is a full testimony to the impact of cultural market liberalization. On the one hand, it also raises the question of ensuring the viability of Korean culture itself. The countermeasures can only be through the rediscovery of traditional culture and the cultivation of a sound mass culture, and feel the international trend in our cultural atmosphere.
6. Pressures and Countermeasures for Other Industries' Openness
Since 1990, the pressure of market opening has intensified, affecting various fields such as finance, service industries, and crops. The openness of the publishing market is also closely linked with other industrial fields. Therefore, we must contact the corresponding countermeasures in these areas to open up and explore the overall plan for the development of publishing culture and publishing industry.
Third, the Korean model of China's revelation
By way of example, with the opening of the publishing and circulation market in 1999, Bertelsmann, the world’s third-largest media group that entered the Korean market, solicited members through the Bertelsmann Book Club of South Korea and obtained special discount publications, discounted sales, and other business networks. Made a lot of efforts, but did not achieve much results. The 40-year-old Bertelsmann Book Club has been active in 19 countries so far, but just as it failed to enter the Japanese market, it did not achieve the desired success in the Korean society that retained the book pricing system. Moreover, in recent years, despite the increase in the number of translation foreign books in Korea, comic books from Japan and France have gradually occupied a part of the book market, but from the overall situation of the entire market, it did not have a very big impact. In fact, because Asian countries are quite different from European and American countries in all aspects, even though European and American publishing companies have advantages in terms of capital and strength, they must first overcome the language, culture, and customs in order to enter the Asian market. There are many barriers to reading habits, purchase methods, etc., and they are not easy to understand China's market conditions and management methods, and it is difficult to develop distribution channels. Therefore, the development of China's publishing market by large overseas publishing companies is a very arduous and lengthy process. Therefore, if China can absorb and learn from some of the publishing protection policies of South Korea and Japan and other Asian countries, improve the publishing legal system, and improve the publishing financial system, it will certainly be able to slow down the impact of the publishing industry.
In addition, using the exceptions and regulations in the WTO, drawing on the practice of publication protection in various countries around the world, it is also very important to form rules and regulations that are in conformity with the WTO's exception regulations as soon as possible. First of all, we must fully study the audiovisual policies and regulations of the European Union, Canada, and the United States; understand the disputes between the EU and the United States on audiovisual service trade; on this basis, adjust China’s current publishing policies and regulations and adapt to the new situation after the accession to the WTO. Second, it sums up some of China’s effective practices in foreign cooperation since the 1990s, and in line with the practice of protecting national culture and its industries abroad, adds content related to foreign cooperation in China’s publishing regulations. For example, stipulating the business scope of Chinese-foreign cooperative enterprises requires that these enterprises mainly regard propagating and disseminating excellent Chinese culture as the main direction of their own business operations; based on the development status and characteristics of printing, reproduction, production, distribution, and publishing, foreign capital is determined to be different. The proportion of equity in cooperative enterprises in the field of publishing and the mode of cooperation; according to the development status and characteristics of different industries in the publishing sector, the structure and proportion of Chinese and foreign senior executives in Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises are stipulated.
Reference: From the perspective of South Korea model to join the WTO
First, the basic situation